Silvio Berlusconi, one the world's richest men and Prime Minister of Italy for an amazingly long period of 5 years, since 2001, announced "We don't want Italy to become a multi-ethnic, multicultural country - we are proud of our traditions" though it remained unclear how and when he would act on his declared principle. Meantime, it was revealed that the most popular name for newborn boys in Belgium was Mahommed..
HARVARD COMING ROUND ON IQ
There were signs that even leftist students at Harvard University were beginning to recognize that they would have to talk about IQ and race: .
Likewise, Science and Theology News admitted Sandra Witelson's claim that 'big brains may make for smarter people.' {Of course, there was no mention of Phil Rushton or Richard Lynn in all this..}
Meantime, however, in drab, terrified, socialist-tyrannised, no-smoking, peerages-for-sale, peecee Britain, Socialist Worker delighted in its triumph over academic free speech at Leeds LUniversity (1 iv).
In oh-so-peecee Toronto, the Black magazine Rabble News assured its readers that Frank Ellis's claims were far from new and anyway "have not held up and will not hold up under close scrutiny" and the Black writer Tricia Hylton, of delightfully bee-stung lips, blamed Black ineducability, criminality and marital irresponsibility on White stereotypes and on Black males deriving too much self-satisfaction from (presumably, the length, girth and performance of) their "sexual appendages."
FE was defended by one of his students in Spiked (30 iii) and in a letter to the Sunday Times signed by eight active race realists in academic psychology of 2006 -- Phil Rushton, Richard Lynn, Arthur Jensen, Charles Murray, Linda Gottfredson, Helmuth Nyborg, Donald Templer and myself.
The "fiercely independent" weekly Friday Thing took the trouble to exhibit its gross ignorance by condemning 'the popular racist theory' "that white people are more intelligent than black/brown/yellow ones" (31 iii).
In New Criminologist (1 iv), Black author Richie Moran equally ignorantly prefaced a long rant against racism (Cleopatra, Jesus and Beethoven were probably Black, etc.) with his view that the term 'political correctness' was invented by right-wing racists and homophobes - when in fact it was an approved doctrine or Russian communism in the 1920s and in used by Chairman Mao by the 1950s.
Sadly, while Harvard showed signs of new realism, news came from Australia that law professor Andrew Fraser, having declined to issue an apology, was on the verge of being prosecuted criminally for his letter to a newspaper saying that "[e]xperience practically everywhere in the world tells us that an expanding black population is a sure-fire recipe for increases in crime, violence and a wide range of other social problems"
LYNN BATTLING ON re IQ SEX DIFFERENCE
Arguing for average male superiority in IQ turned out to be important to the overall coherence and elegance of Richard Lynn's new book "Race Differences in Intelligence" (reviewed here previously in 2006). The main point was that Lynn wanted to argue that head- and brain-size differences help to testify a genetic basis for intelligence differences between the races; and, since males have markedly bigger brains, RL was understandably keen to argue for a male IQ superiority (at least in adults) - and planned to reply in Nature to the review by Stephen Blinkhorn which had pooh-poohed his quest.
Strangely, RL had not chosen to use the get out long provided by me, that modern work shows complex interactions between sex, brain location (frontal lobes vs other), type of matter (grey vs white), size of brain matter and IQ which make it more reasonable to attribute the overall male brain size advantage to the male brain's support of higher spatial abilities (which abilities sometimes obtrude into culture-fair testing of the g factor. Some details of modern work are below. From CRB Homepage:
"In November 2001, a UCLA team reported in Nature Neuroscience (5 xi) that the amount of gray matter in the frontal parts of the human brain is determined by the genetic make-up of an individual's parents, and strongly correlates with that individual's cognitive ability, as measured by intelligence test scores. The twin researchers wrote: "We found that brain structure is under significant genetic control, in a broad anatomical region that includes frontal and language-related cortices. The quantity of frontal grey matter, in particular, was most similar in individuals who were genetically alike; intriguingly, these individual differences in brain structure were tightly linked with individual differences in IQ."
Confirmation of this result came swiftly from a Dutch twin-study team (Nature Neuroscience, ii 2002) which found heritabilities around .85 for both IQ and brain volume and that the .40 correlation between them was wholly genetic.
From California came a firm result that higher-IQ have more grey matter in brain areas activated during IQ testing (especially in the frontal lobes) (Haier, 2004). In 2004, University of California researchers led by paediatrician Richard Haier found greater brain activation in grey matter at specific brain sites (especially in the frontal lobes) when subjects took IQ tests.
Other Webpages:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1638755.stm
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=19109
http://www.memory-key.com/Neurology/gray_matter_news.htm
http://www.memory-key.com/Neurology/gray_matter.htm
http://today.uci.edu/news/release_detail.asp?key=1261 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQ
Brain areas associated with IQ:
Many different sources of information have converged on the view that the frontal lobes are critical for fluid intelligence. Patients with damage to the frontal lobe are impaired on fluid intelligence tests (Duncan et al 1995). The volume of frontal grey (Thompson et al 2001) and white matter (Schoenemann et al 2005) have also been associated with intelligence. In addition, recent neuroimaging studies have limited this association to the lateral prefrontal cortex. Duncan and colleagues (2000) showed using Positron Emission Tomography that problem-solving tasks that correlated more highly with IQ also activate the lateral prefrontal cortex. More recently, Gray and colleagues (2003) used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to show that those individuals that were more adept at resisting distraction on a demanding working memory task had both a higher IQ and increased prefrontal activity. For a review of this topic, see Gray and Thompson (2004).
Anyhow, it seems strange to bang on about brain size and IQ when even the most supportive modern work (using MRI scanning) only gives a correlation of .40; and when, in RL's own figures (his pp. 210-11), brain size (cc) is higher among the Hindus of India (1362) and the Xhosa of Africa (1,344) than it is among Poles (1,315) and Scots (1,316). And, as Lynn observes, there are plenty of other arguments for race differences in IQ being substantially genetic, especially the strong predictive power of race (whether for one race in across different countries and continents [e.g. Europeans living in Mexico and Zimbabwe still have IQ around 100] or for different races within the same country [the Mongoloid > Caucasian > Negroid difference occurring universally]).
IQ LINKED TO CORTICAL GROWTH IN ADOLESCENCE
From "Nature", 29 iii, News, p. 588, published online 29 March 2006:
"Researchers say that a remarkable data set on the developing brain adds to the idea that IQ is a meaningful concept in neuroscience. The study, which is published on page 676 of this issue, suggests that performance in IQ tests is associated with changes in the brain during adolescence.
Claims that IQ is a valid measure of intelligence tend to attract angry responses, in part because of studies that have attempted to link group differences in IQ with race. In their 1994 book The Bell Curve, political scientist Charles Murray and psychologist Richard Herrnstein argued that the lower-income status of some US ethnic minorities was linked to below-average IQ scores among those groups. These were in turn attributed to mainly genetic factors.
Before that, Harvard University entomologist Edward Wilson provoked outrage with work that proposed evolutionary explanations for human behaviour and individual differences in intelligence; critics called the work racist.
And this month, the journal Intelligence printed an editorial note defending its policy regarding the publication of controversial papers. The note comes after a study linking IQ and skin colour (D. I. Templer and H. Arikawa Intelligence 34, 121-139; 2006), published online last November, prompted a string of complaints from scientists. Yet researchers studying IQ say the social climate is becoming more receptive to such studies, in part because it is now widely agreed that cognitive abilities are shaped by environmental factors as well as genetic ones.
The latest result, from a team led by Philip Shaw at the National Institute of Mental Health in Bethesda, Maryland, adds to the debate by linking IQ with changes in the brain over time, rather than fixed attributes such as brain size. "It's not that brainy children have more grey matter," says Shaw. "The story of intelligence is in the trajectory of brain development." Shaw's team tracked a group of more than 300 children as they aged from 6 to 19, running them through a series of cognitive tests -- IQ is determined by combining scores from tests of a range of verbal and non-verbal abilities.
The team also measured the size of brain structures using magnetic resonance imaging at roughly two-year intervals: more than half the children had at least two scans, and around a third were scanned three or more times. When the researchers split the children into three groups according to their initial IQ scores, they noticed a characteristic pattern of changes in the brains of the group with the highest scores. The thickness of the cortex -- the outer layer of the brain that controls high-level functions such as memory -- started off thinner than that of the other groups, but rapidly gained depth until it was thicker than normal during the early teens.
All three groups converged, with the children having cortexes of roughly equal thickness by age 19. The strongest effect was seen in the prefrontal cortex, which controls planning and reasoning. "My first impression was 'wow, this is amazing," says Jeremy Gray, a psychologist at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. He notes that it is difficult to persuade children and parents to return for scans over a long period of time, so imaging studies are usually limited to tens, rather than hundreds, of subjects.
Shaw's study raises questions that could prompt further research. His team did not look at what could be causing the changes in cortical thickness, for example; the group points out that several mechanisms -- including the formation and elimination of connections between brain cells -- could be responsible. Also unknown is how genetic and environmental factors contribute to the change. The study is likely to prompt discussion of the possible social applications of such results, but these are limited. The trend identified by Shaw was significant when results from all the subjects were combined, but would probably be too small to predict how an individual child is likely to fare in school, for example.
There are also likely to be queries about whether the research should have been conducted in the first place. IQ is a good predictor of performance at school and in the workplace. For some neuroscientists, this makes the physiological factors that contribute to IQ worth studying, in order to probe how intelligence works. "There's good evidence from functional imaging studies that very demanding tasks activate the prefrontal cortex, and that activity correlates with IQ," says Shaw. "We're getting at some common processing resource." Gray also points out that metrics related to IQ can help predict speed of recovery from stroke, so studying them could lead to new therapies.
But for many others, the concept of linking IQ and intellect remains socially dangerous and scientifically dubious. Steven Rose, a neuroscientist at the Open University in Milton Keynes, UK, says performance on cognitive tasks depends on a large range of factors, from emotive state to recall ability, and that the "IQ approach ignores all of these". He adds that even as a predictor of ability in school it has traditionally been put to negative ends -- to weed out, rather than help, less able children. "We shouldn't go back to measures developed in the 1900s," he says."
EDITOR'S SUMMARY
Here's a subject guaranteed to cause controversy: the relationship between intelligence, measured by IQ tests, and physical brain development in children and adolescents.
A study that followed 307 typically developing subjects from childhood to adolescence (roughly between the ages of 6 and 19 years) now suggests that 'brainy' children are not cleverer by virtue of having more or less grey matter at any one age. Rather, intelligence is related to various aspects of the continuing process of cortical maturation. Specifically, the trajectory of change in the thickness of the cerebral cortex, not cortical thickness itself, relates to intelligence. More intelligent children demonstrate a particularly plastic cortex, with an initial accelerated and prolonged phase of cortical increase, which yields to equally vigorous cortical thinning by early adolescence.
NEWS & VIEWS
Comment in "Nature" by Dick Passingham, Dept. Psychology, Univ. Oxford
This welcoming appraisal of the Bethesda work said that "those [children] of superior intelligence show a prolonged period of prefrontal cortical gain and the most rapid rate of change" and notably remarked "[w]e know that variations in general intelligence, or g, among people depend to a great degree on genetic differences. The authors themselves in their Letter ('Intellectual ability and cortical development in childhood and adolescence', pp. 676-679) specifically report that children in the highest-IQ group (the "superior" group) already had 20% higher thickening of the right superior and medial frontal gyrus at age six.
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Comments? Email Chris Brand.
Some history.
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